Photovoltage generation by photosystem II core complexes immobilized onto a Millipore filter on an indium tin oxide electrode.

The light-induced functioning of photosynthetic pigment-protein complex of photosystem II (PSII) is linked to the vectorial translocation of charges across the membrane, which results in the formation of voltage. Direct measurement of the light-induced voltage (∆V) generated by spinach oxygen-evolving PSII core complexes adsorbed onto a Millipore membrane filter (MF) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode under continuous illumination has been performed. PSII was shown to participate in electron transfer from water to the ITO electrode, resulting in ∆V generation. No photovoltage was detected in PSII deprived of the water-oxidizing complex. The maximal and stable photoelectric signal was observed in the presence of disaccharide trehalose and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, acting as a redox mediator between the primary quinone acceptor QA of PSII and electrode surface. Long time preservation of the steady-state photoactivity at room temperature in a simple in design ITO|PSII-MF|ITO system may be related to the retention of water molecules attached to the PSII surface in the presence of trehalose.

Bi-enzyme functionalized electro-chemically reduced transparent graphene oxide platform for triglyceride detection.

Recently, increased attention has been drawn to application of graphene and its derivatives for construction of biosensors, since they can be used to rapidly detect the presence of bio-analytes. Present paper establishes the preparation of a unique transducer which relies on toluidine blue (TB), absorbed by electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) transparent thin film onto the surface of the indium tin-oxide (ITO) glass electrode. The proposed TB/ERGO/ITO electrode shows excellent reversible electro-chemical properties. The novel platform has been explored to fabricate a triglyceride (TG) biosensor via co-immobilizing of lipase (LIP) and glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) onto TB/ERGO/ITO electrode surface. The fabricated bioelectrode (LIP-GDH/TB/ERGO/ITO) directly oxidizes glycerol (produced by catalytic hydrolysis of tributyrin acting as a model TG) in the presence of GDH. The developed bioelectrode replaces unstable biological irreversible redox mediators NAD+/NADH, involved in the triglyceride breakdown reaction. NADH causes fouling on the bioelectrode surface in bi-enzymatic estimation of TG and reduces the shelf-life of biosensor. Electrochemical response studies carried out using cyclic voltammetry reveal that the fabricated electrode can detect tributyrin in the range of 50-400 mg dL-1 with high sensitivity of 29 pA mg-1 dL, low response time of 12 s, long-term stability and a low apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Kappm) of 0.18 mM, indicating high enzyme affinity of LIP-GDH/TB/ERGO/ITO bioelectrode towards tributyrin. Furthermore, this modified bioelectrode has been explored for estimation of TG with negligible interference in human serum samples. The proposed bi-enzymatic bioelectrode for TG analysis offers an efficient and novel interface for application of graphene and its derivatives in the field of bioelectronic devices.

Enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, in vivo antitumor and in vitro anticancer effects against breast cancer cell line by green synthesized un-doped SnO2 and Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles from Clerodendrum inerme.

A novel approach was employed for the synthesis of un-doped tinoxide and Cobalt-doped tinoxide (Co-doped SnO2) nanoparticles (NAPs) by using aqueous extract of Clerodendrum inerme with the help of eco-friendly superficial solution combustion method. Synthesized NAPs were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and results from XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX and UV-Vis examines confirmed the successful synthesis, crystalline nature and spherical structure of un-doped SnO2 and Co-doped SnO2 NAPs with the average grain size of 30 and 40 nm; and band gap energy of 3.68 and 2.76 eV respectively. Antimicrobial propensity of the synthesized NAPs was determined by agar well assay, SEM, TEM and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis against various bacterial and fungal strains. Synthesized Co-doped SnO2 NAPs were unveiled the extraordinary antibacterial and antifungal activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. flavus, and C. albicans with the zone of inhibitions of 30 ±â€¯0.08 mm and 26 ±â€¯0.06 mm, 17 ±â€¯0.04 mm, 23 ±â€¯0.08 mm and 26 ±â€¯0.06 respectively which were also evidenced from SEM, TEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, green synthesized Co-doped SnO2 NAPs were demonstrated the substantial antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH, significant in vitro anticancer and in vivo antitumor activity on breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and Ehrlich ascites tumor cell lines respectively than standard. The hemolytic activity disclosed low cytotoxicity of fabricated NAPs (0.89 ±â€¯0.05%) at 5 mg/mL, which was indicated their biocompatibility potential. Hence, the multi-purpose properties of synthesized NAPs presented in the current study can be further deliberated for pharmaceutical and nanomedicine applications.

L-Leucine Templated Biomimetic Assembly of SnO2 Nanoparticles and Their Lithium Storage Properties.

SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a novel route of a sol-gel method assisted with biomimetic assembly using L-leucine as a biotemplate. The microstructure of as-prepared SnO2 nanoparticles was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements. The results demonstrated that the growth of SnO2 could be regulated by L-leucine at a high calcination temperature. The electrochemical performance of SnO2 was also measured as anodes for lithium-ion battery. It is a guidance for the growth regulation of SnO2 at high temperature to obtain SnO2/C with nanosized SnO2 coated by a graphitic carbon.

An electrochemical sensor for detection of neurotransmitter-acetylcholine using metal nanoparticles, 2D material and conducting polymer modified electrode.

An essential biological sensor for acetylcholine (ACh) detection is constructed by immobilizing enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO), on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite modified fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO). The qualitative and quantitative measurements of nanocomposites properties were accomplished by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). This prepared biological sensor delineated a wide linear range of 4.0nM to 800µM with a response time less than 4s and detection limit (based on S/N ratio) of 4.0nM. The sensor showed perfect sensitivity, excessive selectivity and stability for longer period of time during storage. Besides its very high-sensitivity, the biosensor has displayed a low detection limit which is reported for the first time in comparison to previously reported ACh sensors. By fabricating Fe2O3NPs/rGO/PEDOT modified FTO electrode for determining ACh level in serum samples, the applicability of biosensor has increased immensely as the detection of the level neurotransmitter is first priority for patients suffering from memory loss or Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Solubility of indium-tin oxide in simulated lung and gastric fluids: Pathways for human intake.

From being a metal with very limited natural distribution, indium (In) has recently become disseminated throughout the human society. Little is known of how In compounds behave in the natural environment, but recent medical studies link exposure to In compounds to elevated risk of respiratory disorders. Animal tests suggest that exposure may lead to more widespread damage in the body, notably the liver, kidneys and spleen. In this paper, we investigate the solubility of the most widely used In compound, indium-tin oxide (ITO) in simulated lung and gastric fluids in order to better understand the potential pathways for metals to be introduced into the bloodstream. Our results show significant potential for release of In and tin (Sn) in the deep parts of the lungs (artificial lysosomal fluid) and digestive tract, while the solubility in the upper parts of the lungs (the respiratory tract or tracheobronchial tree) is very low. Our study confirms that ITO is likely to remain as solid particles in the upper parts of the lungs, but that particles are likely to slowly dissolve in the deep lungs. Considering the prolonged residence time of inhaled particles in the deep lung, this environment is likely to provide the major route for uptake of In and Sn from inhaled ITO nano- and microparticles. Although dissolution through digestion may also lead to some uptake, the much shorter residence time is likely to lead to much lower risk of uptake.

Atomic modelling and systematic mutagenesis identify residues in multiple drug binding sites that are essential for drug resistance in the major Candida transporter Cdr1.

The ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporter Cdr1 (Candida drug resistance 1) protein (Cdr1p) of Candida albicans, shows promiscuity towards the substrate it exports and plays a major role in antifungal resistance. It has two transmembrane domains (TMDs) comprising of six transmembrane helices (TMH) that envisage and confer the substrate specificity and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), interconnected by extracellular loops (ECLs) and intracellular loops (ICLs) Cdr1p. This study explores the diverse substrate specificity spectrum to get a deeper insight into the structural and functional features of Cdr1p. By screening with the variety of compounds towards an in-house TMH 252 mutant library of Cdr1p, we establish new substrates of Cdr1p. The localization of substrate-susceptible mutants in an ABCG5/G8 homology model highlights the common and specific binding pockets inside the membrane domain, where rhodamines and tetrazoliums mainly engage the N-moiety of Cdr1p, binding between TMH 2, 11 and surrounded by TMH 1, 5. Whereas, tin chlorides involve both N and C moieties located at the interface of TMH 2, 11, 1 and 5. Further, screening of the in house TMH mutant library of Cdr1p displays the TMH12 interaction with tetrazolium chloride, trimethyltin chloride and a Ca2+ ionophore, A23187. In silico localization reveals a binding site at the TMH 12, 9 and 10 interface, which is widely exposed to the lipid interface. Together, for the first time, our study shows the molecular localization of Cdr1p substrates-binding sites and demonstrates the participation of TMH12 in a peripheral drug binding site.

Bioavailability of CeO2 and SnO2 nanoparticles evaluated by dietary uptake in the earthworm Eisenia fetida and sequential extraction of soil and feed.

The growing number of nanotechnology products on the market will inevitably lead to the release of engineered nanomaterials with potential risk to humans and environment. This study set out to investigate the exposure of soil biota to engineered nanoparticles (NPs). Cerium dioxide (CeO2 NPs) and tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were radiolabelled using neutron activation, and employed to assess the uptake and excretion kinetics in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Through sequential extraction, NPs bioavailability in two contrasting soils and in earthworm feed was also investigated. Neither CeO2 NPs nor SnO2 NPs bioaccumulated in earthworms, and both were rapidly excreted when worms were transferred to clean soil. Low bioavailability was also indicated by low amounts of NPs recovered during extraction with non-stringent extractants. CeO2 NPs showed increasing mobility in organic soil over time (28 days), indicating that organic matter has a strong influence on the fate of CeO2 NPs in soil.

Tunable reactivity of geminal bis(silyl) enol derivatives leading to selective exo-IEDDA or Sakurai allylation with a ß,γ-unsaturated ketoester.

Two contrasting pathways in a SnCl4-catalyzed reaction of geminal bis(silyl) enol derivatives with ß,γ-unsaturated ketoesters have been achieved by tuning the R group in the enol moiety. While the electron-donating Bn-substituted enol ether undergoes an exo-selective inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction to give dihydropyran, the electron-withdrawing Ac-substituted enol ester reacts as an allylsilane to provide a Sakurai-allylated product with predominant syn-selectivity.

Endocytosis of indium-tin-oxide nanoparticles by macrophages provokes pyroptosis requiring NLRP3-ASC-Caspase1 axis that can be prevented by mesenchymal stem cells.

The biological effects of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) are of considerable importance because workers exposed to indium compounds have been diagnosed with interstitial lung disease or pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; however, the pathophysiology of these diseases is undefined. Here, mice intraperitoneally inoculated with ITO-nanoparticles (ITO-NPs) resulted in peritonitis dependent in NLRP3 inflammasome, with neutrophils recruitment and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) production. Withal peritoneal macrophages exposed ex vivo to ITO-NPs caused IL-1ß secretion and cytolysis. Further, alveolar macrophages exposed to ITO-NPs in vitro showed ITO-NP endocytosis and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1ß, ensued cell death by cytolysis. This cell death was RIPK1-independent but caspase1-dependent, and thus identified as pyroptosis. Endocytosis of ITO-NPs by activated THP-1 cells induced pyroptosis with IL-1ß/TNF-α production and cytolysis, but not in activated THP-1 cells with knockdown of NLRP3, ASC, or caspase1. However, exposing activated THP-1 cells with NLRP3 or ASC knockdown to ITO-NPs resulted in cell death but without cytolysis, with deficiency in IL-1ß/TNF-α, and revealing features of apoptosis. While, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-cultured with macrophages impaired both inflammation and cell death induced by ITO-NPs. Together, our findings provide crucial insights to the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases caused by ITO particles, and identify MSCs as a potent therapeutic.

Determination of mutagenicity and genotoxicity of indium tin oxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and micronucleus assay.

In this study, the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanomaterial were assessed using two standard genotoxicity assays, the Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay. Seven different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 µg/plate) of this nanomaterial were tested using the Ames test on the TA98 and TA100 strains in the presence and absence of the S9 mixture. At all the concentrations tested, this substance did not significantly increase the number of revertant colonies compared with the control with or without S9 mixture. The genotoxic effects of ITO were investigated in human peripheral lymphocytes treated with 125, 250, 500, and 750 µg/ml concentrations of this substance for 24- and 48-h treatment periods using an MN test. Nuclear division index (NDI) was also calculated in order to determine the cytotoxicity of ITO. It was determined that ITO increased MN frequency in the 750 µg/ml concentration in 24- and 48-h treatments. In addition, ITO dose dependently decreased the NDI significantly for two treatment periods.

Intracellular accumulation of indium ions released from nanoparticles induces oxidative stress, proinflammatory response and DNA damage.

Due to the widespread use of indium tin oxide (ITO), it is important to investigate its effect on human health. In this study, we evaluated the cellular effects of ITO nanoparticles (NPs), indium chloride (InCl3) and tin chloride (SnCl3) using human lung epithelial A549 cells. Transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed to study cellular ITO NP uptake. Interestingly, greater uptake of ITO NPs was observed, as compared with soluble salts. ITO NP species released could be divided into two types: 'indium release ITO' or 'tin release ITO'. We incubated A549 cells with indium release ITO, tin release ITO, InCl3 or SnCl2 and investigated oxidative stress, proinflammatory response, cytotoxicity and DNA damage. We found that intracellular reactive oxygen species were increased in cells incubated with indium release ITO, but not tin release ITO, InCl3 or SnCl2. Messenger RNA and protein levels of the inflammatory marker, interleukin-8, also increased following exposure to indium release ITO. Furthermore, the alkaline comet assay revealed that intracellular accumulation of indium ions induced DNA damage. Our results demonstrate that the accumulation of ionic indium, but not ionic tin, from ITO NPs in the intracellular matrix has extensive cellular effects.

Chemical perturbation of an intrinsically disordered region of TFIID distinguishes two modes of transcription initiation.

Intrinsically disordered proteins/regions (IDPs/IDRs) are proteins or peptide segments that fail to form stable 3-dimensional structures in the absence of partner proteins. They are abundant in eukaryotic proteomes and are often associated with human diseases, but their biological functions have been elusive to study. In this study, we report the identification of a tin(IV) oxochloride-derived cluster that binds an evolutionarily conserved IDR within the metazoan TFIID transcription complex. Binding arrests an isomerization of promoter-bound TFIID that is required for the engagement of Pol II during the first (de novo) round of transcription initiation. However, the specific chemical probe does not affect reinitiation, which requires the re-entry of Pol II, thus, mechanistically distinguishing these two modes of transcription initiation. This work also suggests a new avenue for targeting the elusive IDRs by harnessing certain features of metal-based complexes for mechanistic studies, and for the development of novel pharmaceutical interventions.

The synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 porous nanofibers for dye adsorption and degradation.

ZnO/SnO2 hetero-nanofibers about 250 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length are synthesized via an electrospun method using zinc chloride and stannous chloride as inorganic sources. All fibers are composed of many nanoparticles (5-10 nm) that induce a highly porous structure as well as high surface area. By adjusting the ratio of zinc/stannous source, the synthesized porous ZnO/SnO2 materials show various structures (corrugated fiber and tube), that are a result of the different oxidation/decomposition temperatures of the two components. Their photodegradation abilities toward various dye wastewaters (methylene blue, congo red, eosin red, and methyl orange) are demonstrated, showing fast photodegradation and good recycling ability. It is noteworthy that ZnO/SnO2 exhibits an enhanced photodegradation ability to congo red, ascribed to the high adsorption capacity derived from the strong electrostatic interaction between ZnO/SnO2 and congo red. Based on the investigation, these porous ZnO/SnO2 hetero-nanofibers possess versatile potential applications for wastewater purification.

Opto- µECoG array: a hybrid neural interface with transparent µECoG electrode array and integrated LEDs for optogenetics.

Electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings, taken from electrodes placed on the surface of the cortex, have been successfully implemented for control of brain machine interfaces (BMIs). Optogenetics, direct optical stimulation of neurons in brain tissue genetically modified to express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), enables targeting of specific types of neurons with sub-millisecond temporal precision. In this work, we developed a BMI device, called an Opto- µECoG array, which combines ECoG recording and optogenetics-based stimulation to enable multichannel, bi-directional interactions with neurons. The Opto- µECoG array comprises two sub-arrays, each containing a 4 × 4 distribution of micro-epidural transparent electrodes ( ∼ 200 µm diameter) and embedded light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for optical neural stimulation on a 2.5 × 2.5 mm² footprint to match the bilateral hemispherical area of the visual cortex in a rat. The transparent electrodes were fabricated with indium tin oxide (ITO). Parylene-C served as the main structural and packaging material for flexibility and biocompatibility. Optical, electrical, and thermal characteristics of the fabricated device were investigated and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the device.

Tin(II) fluoride vs. tin(II) chloride--a comparison of their coordination chemistry with neutral ligands.

Reaction of SnF2 in MeOH with the appropriate neutral N- or O-donor ligands produces [SnF(2,2'-bipy)]2SnF6, [SnF(1,10-phen)]2SnF4 and [SnF2(L)] L = Me3PO, dmso or pyNO). The X-ray structures of [SnF(2,2'-bipy)]2SnF6, [SnF(1,10-phen)]2SnF4 and [SnF2(dmso)], reveal trigonal pyramidal Sn(II) cores with longer fluorine bridges completing distorted 5- or 6-coordination. Attempts to prepare SnF2 adducts with various phosphine or diphosphine ligands in MeCN failed, whilst in CH2Cl2 solution complex reactions involving the solvent occurred. The NHC, 1,3-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IDiPP) and SnF2 produced the imidazolium salt, [IDiPPH]SnF3, the crystal structure of which revealed the first example of a discrete trifluorostannate(II) ion. In contrast, diphosphine complexes of tin(II) chloride formed readily, including [SnCl2{Me2P(CH2)2PMe2}], [SnCl2{o-C6H4(PMe2)2}], [SnCl2{o-C6H4(PPh2)2}] and [(SnCl2)2(µ-Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2)], which were characterised by X-ray crystallography. The structures of [SnCl2{Me2P(CH2)2PMe2}] and [SnCl2{o-C6H4(PMe2)2}] reveal chloride-bridged dimers, but [SnCl2{o-C6H4(PPh2)2}], although also dimeric, has very asymmetric diphosphine coordination best described as κ(1). The structures of [(SnCl2)2(µ-Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2)] and of [SnCl{o-C6H4(AsMe2)2}]SnCl3 reveal trigonal pyramidal cores, but with longer Sn···Cl bridges affording polymeric structures. The synthesis of [SnCl2(R3EO)2] (R = Ph, E = P or As; and R = Me, E = P) are also reported, along with the structure of [SnCl2(Me3PO)2], which contains distorted tetragonal pyramidal Sn(II) coordination. X-ray structures are also reported for [(PMe3)2CH2][SnCl3]2 and [Ph2P(H)(CH2)2P(H)Ph2][SnCl3]2, obtained as by-products from the attempts to synthesise phosphine complexes, as well as [(o-C6H4(PMe2)2CH2]I2. All complexes were characterised by microanalysis, IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (19)F{(1)H}, (31)P{(1)H } and, where solubility allowed, (119)Sn). Comparisons are drawn with corresponding Sn(IV) and Ge(II) complexes.

Attachment and detachment of living microorganisms using a potential-controlled electrode.

We developed an electrical modulation method for attachment and detachment of microorganisms. Living microorganisms suspended in non-nutritive media such as PBS⁻ and artificial seawater were attracted by and selectively attached to indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass electrode regions to which a negative potential was applied. The microorganisms suspended in LB medium and glucose solution were not attracted to the ITO electrode. Dead microorganisms were not attracted to the ITO electrode. The living microorganisms were retrieved after detachment from the ITO electrode by application of a high-frequency triangular wave potential. When we applied this method to separate microorganisms from deep-sea sediment, bacteria belonging to 19 phyla and 23 classes were collected without undesirable high molecular weight contaminants such as humic acids. At the phylum and class level, respectively, 95 and 87 % of the phylotypes among electrically retrieved bacteria were common to the gene clones from the direct sediment DNA extraction. This technique is a novel useful method to prepare bacterial cells in a single population or a community for metagenomic analyses.

Directed differentiation of embryonic P19 cells and neural stem cells into neural lineage on conducting PEDOT-PEG and ITO glass substrates.

Differentiation of pluripotent and lineage restricted stem cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs) was studied on conducting substrates of various nature without perturbation of the genome with exogenous genetic material or chemical stimuli. Primary mouse adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and P19 pluripotent embryonal (P19 EC) carcinoma cells were used. Expression levels of neuronal markers ß-III-tubulin and neurofilament were evaluated by immunochemistry and flow cytometry. It was shown that the ability of the substrate to induce differentiation directly correlated with its conductivity. Conducting substrates (conducting oxides or doped π-conjugated organic polymers) with different morphology, structure, and conductivity mechanisms all promoted differentiation of NSC and P19 cells into neuronal lineage to a similar degree without use of additional factors such as poly-L-ornithine coating or retinoic acid, as verified by their morphology and upregulation of the neuronal markers but not astrocyte marker GFAP. However, substrates with low conductance below ca. 10(-4) S cm(-2) did not show this ability. Morphology of differentiating cells was visualized by atomic force microscopy. NSCs cells increased ß-III-tubulin expression by 95% and P19 cells by over 30%. Our results suggest that the substrate conductivity is a key factor governing the cell fate. Differentiation of P19 cells into neuronal lineage on conducting substrates was attributed to downregualtion of Akt signaling pathway and increase in expression of dual oxidase 1 (DUOX 1).

Effect of enzymes on strawberry volatiles during storage, at different ripeness level, in different cultivars, and during eating.

UNLABELLED: Strawberry samples with enzyme activity and without enzyme activity (stannous chloride added) were measured for real-time formation of lipoxygenase (LOX) derived aroma compounds after 5 min pureeing using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The concentration of (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal increased immediately after blending and gradually decreased over time, while hexanal concentration increased for at least 5 min in ground strawberries. The formation of hexanal was slower than the formation of (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal in the headspace of pureed strawberries. The concentration of LOX aldehydes and esters significantly increased during refrigerated storage. Damaging strawberries increased the concentration of LOX aldehydes but did not significantly affect the concentration of esters. The concentrations of many of the esters were strongly correlated to their corresponded acids and/or aldehydes. The concentration of LOX-generated aldehydes decreased during ripening, while fruity esters increased. Different varieties had different aroma profiles and esters were the greatest percentage of the volatiles. The aroma release of some of the LOX-derived aldehydes in the mouthspace in whole strawberries compared to chopped strawberries showed that these volatiles are formed in the mouth during chewing. The persistence of LOX-derived compounds was higher than esters after swallowing. The mouthspace after and before swallowing persistence ratio of esters decreased as the chain length of the acid part of the ester compounds increased in whole strawberries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The storage studies showed that the concentrations of fruity and fresh volatiles increased during ripening and storage while damaging only increases the fresh volatiles. The nose, mouth, and headspace information can be used in the flavor industry to improve the formula of natural strawberry flavor by considering human perception during eating.